Divorce and Abuse in the U.S.: Key Statistics and Trends

March 5, 2025March 5, 2025Tony Hunt

Divorce and Abuse in the U.S.: Key Statistics and Trends

National Statistics on Abuse-Related Divorce

Recent research and surveys consistently show that a significant share of U.S. divorces involve domestic abuse (physical, emotional, or psychological) as a contributing factor. Key findings include:

Approximately 1 in 4 divorces cite abuse: In a national survey of divorced individuals, about 23–25% reported that domestic violence or abuse was a significant reason for their divorce ( Reasons for Divorce and Recollections of Premarital Intervention: Implications for Improving Relationship Education – PMC ) (Divorce Statistics and Facts | What Affects Divorce Rates in the U.S.?). In these cases, respondents often described both physical and emotional abuse by their spouse leading up to the divorce (The Most Common Reasons for Divorce, Ranked – Business Insider). (Multiple causes could be reported, so percentages can total over 100%.)
Abuse is a leading but not topmost cause: Lack of commitment, infidelity, and constant conflict rank higher overall, but abuse still emerged as one of the top 5–7 causes cited in divorces nationally (Does Domestic Violence Cause Divorce? – Teen Dating Violence Awareness) (Does Domestic Violence Cause Divorce? – Teen Dating Violence Awareness). For example, one study found domestic violence was the seventh most common issue cited, after factors like infidelity and arguing (Does Domestic Violence Cause Divorce? – Teen Dating Violence Awareness). However, when looking at the “final straw” that triggered the divorce filing, domestic violence was the second most frequently named tipping point (21% of respondents said a violent incident was the final straw) ( Reasons for Divorce and Recollections of Premarital Intervention: Implications for Improving Relationship Education – PMC ).
Range of estimates: The exact percentage varies by study methodology. An in-depth 2013 academic study (tracking couples over 14 years) found that 23.5% of participants identified domestic violence as a major contributor to their divorce ( Reasons for Divorce and Recollections of Premarital Intervention: Implications for Improving Relationship Education – PMC ). An earlier poll in 2011 reported even higher numbers: about 36% of Americans (and 48% of women) who divorced said domestic abuse – including physical or verbal abuse – was the primary reason they ended their marriage (Abuse is the most common reason for divorce, survey reports | Hill Macdonald, LLC). Despite differing figures, these studies all indicate that abusive treatment is a factor in a substantial minority of divorces across the country.

(Note: National divorce statistics by “cause” are based on surveys and research studies. Most U.S. states have no-fault divorce laws and do not require an official reason to be recorded, so we rely on studies asking divorced individuals why their marriages ended.)* (Does Domestic Violence Cause Divorce? – Teen Dating Violence Awareness) ( Reasons for Divorce and Recollections of Premarital Intervention: Implications for Improving Relationship Education – PMC )

State-by-State and Regional Trends

Detailed state-by-state data on divorce causes are limited because many divorces are filed under general “irreconcilable differences.” However, available evidence suggests some regional patterns and noteworthy state data:

Legal grounds vs. no-fault: In states where fault-based grounds are recorded, we see evidence of abuse being cited. For instance, Mississippi changed its law in 2017 to make domestic abuse easier to cite in a fault divorce. In the following year, 608 out of 12,918 divorce complaints (about 5%) in Mississippi explicitly cited domestic abuse as the ground for divorce (One year later, new divorce law helps more than 600 abuse survivors find a way out – Mississippi Today) (One year later, new divorce law helps more than 600 abuse survivors find a way out – Mississippi Today). This represented a significant share of that state’s contested (fault-based) divorces. Other states that still allow fault grounds (like “cruelty” or “inhumane treatment”) likely have a portion of cases filed due to abuse, though comprehensive statistics are not published regularly.
Domestic violence prevalence by state: Rates of domestic violence (regardless of divorce) vary widely by state, which in turn influences divorce trends. Generally, states in the South and West report higher lifetime domestic abuse prevalence. Oklahoma has the highest rate in the nation – about 49.1% of women and 40.7% of men there have experienced intimate partner violence in their lifetime (In Which State Is Domestic Violence Most Common?) (Domestic Violence Statistics: A Comprehensive Investigation). Other states with elevated abuse rates include Kentucky (~45% of women) and Nevada, Alaska, and Arizona (around 42–44% of women) (In Which State Is Domestic Violence Most Common?) (Domestic Violence Statistics: A Comprehensive Investigation). By contrast, some states in the Northeast/Midwest report lower (though still significant) rates – for example, South Dakota (~28% of women) and North Dakota (~30%) have the lowest female victimization rates (Domestic Violence Statistics: A Comprehensive Investigation). These patterns suggest that in regions with more widespread domestic violence, a higher fraction of divorces may involve abuse. Indeed, states with historically high divorce rates (e.g., Arkansas, Oklahoma) also tend to have high domestic violence rates, indicating a potential regional correlation.
Regional insights: Because formal “reasons for divorce” data by state are scarce, researchers sometimes use proxies. One approach is looking at the proportion of “serious” divorce reasons (like abuse, infidelity, addiction) across different demographics. Nationally, about 42–50% of divorces involve at least one of the grave issues such as adultery, domestic violence, or chronic emotional abuse (What is a Life-Saving Divorce? | Life-Saving Divorce) (What is a Life-Saving Divorce? | Life-Saving Divorce). There is anecdotal evidence that in more conservative regions or where no-fault divorce has been restricted, some victims remained in marriages longer, potentially underreporting abuse-related divorces (3 Kinds of Divorce Statistics You Can Learn From) (What is a Life-Saving Divorce? | Life-Saving Divorce). Overall, no region is immune – even states with lower overall domestic violence incidence still see substantial numbers of divorces due to abuse each year. The difference is mainly in scale: in some Southern and Western states, abuse might be a cited factor in a larger percentage of breakups, whereas in other states, it may be slightly less common.

(Note: The variability by state is influenced by both cultural factors (prevalence of domestic violence, attitudes toward divorce) and legal factors (ease of obtaining divorce for abuse). Because most states don’t track the “cause of divorce” in statistics, regional insights are drawn from surveys, academic research, and specific state reports.)*

Breakdown by Type of Abuse Cited in Divorces

“Abuse” in the context of divorce can encompass physical violence, emotional/psychological abuse, and sometimes sexual or financial abuse. These often overlap, but divorce research and laws typically group them under domestic violence or cruelty. Here’s what we know about the types of abuse leading to divorce:

Physical abuse: This includes any form of violence or threats of harm by one spouse (e.g., hitting, choking, shoving). Physical domestic violence is a common element in many abuse-related divorces. In qualitative interviews, divorcees frequently described episodes of escalating physical assaults as a key reason for leaving – for example, incidents of shoving or physical intimidation that grew more severe over time ( Reasons for Divorce and Recollections of Premarital Intervention: Implications for Improving Relationship Education – PMC ) ( Reasons for Divorce and Recollections of Premarital Intervention: Implications for Improving Relationship Education – PMC ). Many U.S. states explicitly recognize physical cruelty or violence as grounds for divorce (even if no-fault divorce is also available). In one survey, 23% of divorced individuals said violence and abuse (often coupled with other issues) made the marriage untenable (The Most Common Reasons for Divorce, Ranked – Business Insider). It’s important to note that physical abuse seldom occurs in isolation; it is usually accompanied by emotional abuse and controlling behavior ( Reasons for Divorce and Recollections of Premarital Intervention: Implications for Improving Relationship Education – PMC ) (Abuse is the most common reason for divorce, survey reports | Hill Macdonald, LLC).
Emotional/Psychological abuse: Non-physical abuse can be equally damaging and is another major factor in divorces. Emotional or psychological abuse refers to patterns of verbal attacks, manipulation, intimidation, humiliation, or controlling behavior that erode a spouse’s mental well-being. Many victims cite this kind of abuse – often called “mental cruelty” in legal terms – as a primary reason for divorce, even when physical violence is absent. In the 2011 Divorce360/GfK Roper survey, “domestic abuse” included verbal/emotional abuse, and nearly one-third of respondents (including almost half of women) attributed their divorce to such abuse (Abuse is the most common reason for divorce, survey reports | Hill Macdonald, LLC). Family therapists note that emotional abuse often goes hand-in-hand with physical violence, but it can also be the sole form of abuse in a marriage. Chronic emotional abuse alone was listed among the top “serious” reasons for divorce in about 1 out of 6 cases in one study (grouped with other severe issues) (What is a Life-Saving Divorce? | Life-Saving Divorce) (What is a Life-Saving Divorce? | Life-Saving Divorce). Examples include relentless belittling, isolation, extreme controlling behavior, and threats — spouses in these situations often eventually seek divorce for self-preservation.
Other forms of abuse: Some divorces involve specific abuse dynamics like sexual abuse or financial abuse. These are less commonly tallied separately but fall under the umbrella of domestic violence. Sexual abuse (any non-consensual sexual contact or coercion by a spouse) is cited in some divorce cases, sometimes alongside physical battering (Abuse is the most common reason for divorce, survey reports | Hill Macdonald, LLC). Financial abuse – where one partner heavily controls or withholds money to exert power – can contribute to the decision to divorce as well, though it might not appear as a named legal ground. While statistics by subtype are scarce, domestic violence advocates stress that abuse in any form (physical, emotional, sexual, etc.) creates a toxic and unsafe marriage. In practice, if a spouse is enduring financial control, intimidation, or sexual coercion, those behaviors usually coexist with emotional degradation or physical threats, forming a pattern of domestic abuse that leads to divorce (Abuse is the most common reason for divorce, survey reports | Hill Macdonald, LLC).

In summary, roughly 20–25% of U.S. divorces in recent years have had domestic abuse as a core issue, according to multiple sources ( Reasons for Divorce and Recollections of Premarital Intervention: Implications for Improving Relationship Education – PMC ) (The Most Common Reasons for Divorce, Ranked – Business Insider). This range includes cases of physical violence, as well as severe emotional or psychological abuse (often a combination of both). While national data is clear that abuse is a factor in about a quarter of divorces, obtaining precise percentages by state is challenging. No-fault divorce laws mean most states don’t record the reason for each split. Still, regional surveys and related data on domestic violence suggest that abuse-related divorce is a nationwide concern. States like Oklahoma, Kentucky, and Alaska – which have some of the highest domestic violence rates – likely see a higher proportion of divorces due to abuse. In contrast, states with lower DV incidence see slightly fewer (but still significant) cases (In Which State Is Domestic Violence Most Common?) (Domestic Violence Statistics: A Comprehensive Investigation). Ultimately, whether the timeframe is the past five years or the past decade, the narrative is consistent: domestic abuse (physical or mental) remains one of the leading causes of divorce in the U.S., second only to issues like infidelity and lack of commitment (Does Domestic Violence Cause Divorce? – Teen Dating Violence Awareness) ( Reasons for Divorce and Recollections of Premarital Intervention: Implications for Improving Relationship Education – PMC ).

Sources: Government and academic studies on divorce reasons; national surveys of divorced couples; state court reports; and data from domestic violence coalitions. For example, the National Center for Health Statistics and CDC provide overall divorce rates. At the same time, research by the National Domestic Violence Hotline and the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence highlights how frequently abuse victims seek divorce (Abuse is the most common reason for divorce, survey reports | Hill Macdonald, LLC) (Divorce Statistics 2025: Everything You Need To Know). Academic studies (e.g., by Scott et al., cited in Journal of Family Psychology) give detailed breakdowns of divorce causes, showing the share attributable to physical and emotional abuse ( Reasons for Divorce and Recollections of Premarital Intervention: Implications for Improving Relationship Education – PMC ). State-specific insights (Mississippi courts, etc.) and regional DV prevalence data (Domestic Violence Statistics: A Comprehensive Investigation) (Domestic Violence Statistics: A Comprehensive Investigation) help complete the picture of how abuse and divorce intersect across the country.

This data is based on a synthesis of multiple studies and surveys rather than a single report. Here’s a list of the types of sources that were incorporated into that synthesis:

National Surveys on Divorce and Domestic Violence:
- Surveys such as the Divorce360/GfK Roper survey have historically collected data on why individuals cite abuse or domestic violence as a reason for divorce.
- Additional surveys and polls that assess the “final straw” or primary reasons for divorce often include questions about domestic abuse.
Academic Studies:
- Research published in academic journals like the Journal of Family Psychology (for example, studies by researchers such as Scott and colleagues) has examined the long-term effects of domestic violence on marital dissolution and the prevalence of abuse-related divorces.
- Longitudinal studies tracking couples over multiple years have provided estimates of the percentage of divorces influenced by domestic violence or abuse.
Government and Public Health Data:
- Reports from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Center for Health Statistics offer broader data on domestic violence prevalence, which is used as a proxy when discussing its impact on divorce.
- Some state-level reports or court data (e.g., data from states like Mississippi that record fault-based divorce reasons) give insight into how often abuse is explicitly cited as the cause.
Domestic Violence and Advocacy Organizations:
- Organizations such as the National Domestic Violence Hotline and the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence provide statistics and research findings regarding domestic violence and its broader societal impact, including its role in divorce.
State-Specific Data:
- In a few cases, states that maintain records on fault-based divorces or have made legislative changes to better document abuse as a cause for divorce (e.g., Mississippi) have published data that helps break down regional trends.

Because much of the data comes from aggregated reports and survey results—and because many divorce filings are processed under no-fault laws without an official “cause” recorded—the exact percentages can vary between sources and methodologies.

HB 315: A Dangerous Trap for Survivors of Domestic Abuse

Urgent Need for Survivor Protections in HB 315

https://zontausa.org/us-domestic-violence-statistics-by-state/
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10087196/
https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/domestic-violence-by-state

Urgent Need for Survivor Protections in HB 315

March 3, 2025March 5, 2025Tony Hunt

The Urgent Need for Survivor Protections in HB 315

As an organization dedicated to the safety and empowerment of survivors of intimate partner violence and human trafficking, Operation Safe Escape strongly urges the Tennessee legislature to reconsider the dangerous implications of HB 315, the Tennessee Covenant Marriage Act. While the bill’s stated intent may be to reinforce the institution of marriage, its provisions create serious and life-threatening risks for survivors of domestic abuse.

Domestic violence is not limited to physical or sexual abuse—it encompasses a wide range of coercive tactics, including psychological manipulation, financial control, and emotional abuse. HB 315, as currently written, fails to recognize these realities and instead imposes severe restrictions on divorce, mandates counseling even in abusive situations, and lacks critical safeguards to prevent survivors from being coerced into restrictive marital agreements. Without significant revisions, this bill will effectively trap survivors in dangerous relationships, deepen their dependence on abusers, and increase the risk of serious harm or even death.

To ensure that HB 315 does not become a tool for abusers, we urge lawmakers to incorporate the following critical protections into the bill. These revisions will help mitigate the risk of survivors being forced into or remaining in abusive marriages without viable options for escape.

1. Expand the Definition of Abuse in the Bill

Current Concern: HB 315 narrowly defines abuse as only physical or sexual violence, ignoring psychological, emotional, financial, and coercive control tactics.
Suggested Action: The bill should be amended to recognize a broader definition of abuse, including coercive control, financial abuse, and emotional abuse, in alignment with modern domestic violence laws and research.

2. Explicitly Prohibit Mandated Counseling in Abuse Cases

Current Concern: Joint counseling is often weaponized by abusers and can further endanger survivors.
Suggested Action: The bill should include an explicit exemption for survivors of domestic abuse, ensuring that they are not forced into counseling with their abuser.

3. Ensure Survivors Can Exit Covenant Marriages Without Excessive Legal Barriers

Current Concern: The bill’s restrictive divorce provisions could trap survivors in abusive marriages.
Suggested Action: Survivors of any form of abuse, including coercive control, stalking, and financial manipulation, should have the right to dissolve the marriage without additional hurdles, such as waiting periods or court-ordered counseling.

4. Strengthen Protections Against Coerced Entry Into Covenant Marriages

Current Concern: Abusers often control financial and legal decisions, coercing survivors into restrictive agreements.
Suggested Action: Require independent, informed consent measures before entering a covenant marriage, including:
- A mandatory screening process to assess coercion.
- Separate legal counsel (paid for by the state if necessary) to ensure both parties are making an informed decision.
- An opt-out period (e.g., 30 days) where one party can void the agreement without the other’s consent.

5. Include Economic Protections for Survivors

Current Concern: Restricting divorce may deepen financial abuse, leaving survivors trapped.
Suggested Action: Include emergency financial relief options for survivors seeking divorce, such as:
- Waived court fees for survivors filing for divorce.
- Temporary financial assistance programs.
- Legal aid access to help survivors navigate the system.

6. Add Protections for Survivors Seeking Restraining Orders

Current Concern: Abusers may use the restrictive marriage framework to challenge or delay restraining orders.
Suggested Action: Ensure that protective orders supersede any covenant marriage restrictions, allowing survivors to legally separate and receive necessary protection immediately.

Protecting Survivors and Strengthening Justice

Any legislation concerning marriage and divorce must prioritize the safety and autonomy of all individuals, especially those at risk of domestic violence. Without the proposed amendments, HB 315 will do more harm than good, creating legal barriers that will disproportionately impact survivors—individuals who already face enormous hurdles when trying to leave an abusive relationship.

Tennessee has the opportunity to lead with compassion and justice, ensuring that no survivor is trapped in a legally sanctioned cycle of abuse. We urge lawmakers to revise HB 315 to reflect modern understandings of domestic violence, acknowledge the risks of coercion, and provide survivors with the legal pathways necessary to secure their safety and independence.

Domestic violence should never be excused, minimized, or legislated into permanence. We stand ready to assist in shaping policies that truly protect survivors and would welcome the opportunity to discuss these concerns further. Thank you for your time and commitment to ensuring that Tennessee remains a state that prioritizes the safety and well-being of its most vulnerable residents.

HB 315: A Dangerous Trap for Survivors of Domestic Abuse

Facts and Statistics

https://www.mcleanhospital.org/essential/domestic-violence

https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus/what-is-domestic-abuse

HB 315: A Dangerous Trap for Survivors of Domestic Abuse

March 2, 2025March 2, 2025Tony Hunt

ose - HB 315 - two newlyweds facing away from camera Legislation should protect and empower survivors of domestic violence, not trap them in dangerous situations. Unfortunately, HB 315 – The Tennessee Covenant Marriage Act does just that. This bill, under the guise of strengthening marriage, imposes severe restrictions on divorce and mandates counseling, even for survivors of abuse—potentially forcing them into harmful interactions with their abusers.

Operation Safe Escape has formally urged the Tennessee House Children & Families Subcommittee to reject HB 315, highlighting how its provisions fail to account for coercion, financial abuse, and psychological control, which are common tactics used by abusers. The bill limits the definition of abuse to only physical and sexual violence, ignoring the broader reality of domestic abuse. Moreover, its restrictive divorce requirements would make it nearly impossible for many survivors to legally escape.

Survivors of intimate partner violence already face overwhelming barriers when trying to leave an abusive relationship. Adding more legal roadblocks, as HB 315 does, increases their risk of further harm, prolonged economic dependence, and even fatal violence. Restricting divorce and failing to recognize the complexities of abuse endangers lives.

We are calling on Tennessee legislators to reject HB 315 in its current form and instead focus on policies that provide real protection and pathways to safety for survivors. Lawmakers must ensure that any marriage-related legislation considers the realities of domestic violence, coercion, and financial control—not just physical harm.

To read our full letter to legislators, including specific concerns and recommendations, continue below. Survivors deserve safety, not more barriers.

Happy Holidays from Operation Safe Escape!

December 25, 2024December 25, 2024Tony Hunt

chris cox in a festive outfit standing next to a decorated christmas tree. Hello everyone,

We helped 100s of people escape abuse and trafficking this year. Now we need your help to reach more.

As the year comes to a close and the holiday season is upon us, I reflect on the importance of community, compassion, and hope. For many survivors of domestic violence, human trafficking, and child exploitation, this season can be challenging. Your support ensures they do not face it alone.

This year, because of your generosity, we were able to:

– Help 300 survivors of domestic violence (and their pets and children!) get to a safe place and enjoy the holidays free from fear
– Launch a new program to help prosecute child sexual abuse material (CSAM) distributors
– Support 60 unique partners and allies, including public safety, social workers, shelter/safe house staff, and more

Your kindness makes a profound difference in the lives of those we serve. Together, we create a world where safety, dignity, and care are within reach for everyone.

As we celebrate the spirit of giving this season, we invite you to continue making an impact. A year-end gift can help more people find the support they need to rebuild their lives.

Make a year-end gift now: https://safeescape.org/help/donate (and automatically check if your workplace is a part of our donation-matching program!).

Thank you for standing with us in this vital mission. I want to wish you and your loved ones a holiday filled with peace, joy, and love.

Warm regards,
Chris Cox
Director
Operation Safe Escape

P.S. Donations made by December 31 are tax-deductible for this year. Your support today changes lives tomorrow!

Understanding DARVO: Deny, Attack, and Reverse Victim and Offender

April 18, 2024April 18, 2024Chris Cox

Understanding the techniques, tactics, and methods abusers use can take away their power and help people better protect themselves. In recent years, there has been an increased focus on understanding the dynamics of abuse, manipulation, and coercion. One concept that has gained attention in this realm is DARVO, an acronym that stands for Deny, Attack, and Reverse Victim and Offender. Coined by Dr. Jennifer Freyd, this term describes a common pattern of response often observed in situations involving interpersonal conflict, particularly in cases of abuse or misconduct. In this article, we’ll delve into what DARVO is, how it works, and its implications for both victims and bystanders.

DARVO is a three-step strategy that perpetrators may use to deflect accountability, shift blame, and manipulate the perception of events. Let’s look at each component:

Deny: First, the abuser denies any wrongdoing or responsibility for the situation at hand. Perpetrators may outright deny the allegations against them, minimize their actions, or distort the facts to create doubt or confusion. By denying their involvement or the severity of their behavior, perpetrators seek to undermine the credibility of the victim’s accusations.

Attack: After denying the allegations, perpetrators often launch a counterattack against the accuser. This attack can take various forms, including character assassination, gaslighting, or trying to shift the focus onto the victim’s behavior or motives. By attacking the credibility, integrity, or sanity of the victim, perpetrators aim to discredit their claims and regain control of the narrative.

Reverse Victim and Offender: Finally, perpetrators attempt to reverse the roles of victim and offender, casting themselves as the “true victims” of the situation. They may portray themselves as misunderstood, unjustly accused, or even as the ones who are being persecuted. By flipping the narrative in this way, perpetrators seek to garner sympathy, support, or leniency from others.

Understanding DARVO is crucial for recognizing and addressing patterns of manipulation and abuse. By recognizing these tactics, victims and bystanders can better identify when DARVO is being employed and resist its effects. Additionally, raising awareness about DARVO can help shift societal attitudes and beliefs surrounding issues of abuse and misconduct, fostering a culture of accountability and support for survivors.

When faced with DARVO, it’s essential for victims and allies to remain steadfast in their truth and not be swayed by the tactics of manipulation. Here are some strategies for responding to DARVO:

Document the facts: Keep records of any evidence or documentation that supports your claims, such as emails, text messages, or witness statements.
Seek support: Reach out to trusted friends, family members, or professionals who can provide emotional support and guidance throughout the process.
Set boundaries: Establish clear boundaries with the perpetrator to protect yourself from further harm or manipulation.
Advocate for yourself: Stand firm in your truth and advocate for your rights, whether it’s seeking legal recourse, reporting the abuse to authorities, or seeking counseling.

DARVO is a manipulative tactic used by perpetrators to evade accountability and control the narrative in situations of conflict or abuse. By understanding how DARVO operates and learning to recognize its signs, victims and bystanders can empower themselves to challenge and resist these harmful dynamics. Through education, awareness, and support, we can work towards creating a safer and more just society for all.

Girl using a social media service on a laptop

What is grooming and how can I protect my children from it?

April 16, 2024April 16, 2024Chris Cox

Breanna (not her real name) never really thought about (and certainly never planned to) share sensitive photos online. Just like she never thought so many strangers would see them if she did or how long they could stay on the internet. She had more important things on her mind; things like playing Roblox with friends and an upcoming social studies test.

While the grooming didn’t start right away, everything happened quickly once she realized something was wrong. Breanna had only thought she had made a new friend- one that was a little bit older and more mature. He complemented her, listened to her… made her feel grown up. By the time he started making demands, she felt it was too late to ask for help. By the time her parents found out, Breanna had been a victim of grooming and child exploitation.

In today’s world, children are increasingly exposed to various forms of communication and social interaction. Grooming has emerged as a major concern for parents, educators, and communities alike. Grooming refers to the process by which an individual builds a relationship, trust, and emotional connection with a child to later exploit them sexually, emotionally, or physically. Recognizing the signs of grooming and understanding how to protect children from harm is an important part of protecting their well-being.

Understanding Grooming

Grooming can be difficult to detect because it can happen online and offline, or sometimes both. The perpetrators often use manipulation, coercion, and deceit to establish trust with their victims, and threats or guilt to maintain control. All this is psychologically damaging to children, and can manifest in depression, self-harm, and other concerning behaviors. It typically involves several stages, including targeting the victim, gaining their trust, isolating them from others, and eventually exploiting them. Perpetrators may employ various tactics, such as offering gifts, attention, or affection, to lure children into a false sense of security.

In some cases, the victim is led to believe that providing whatever the perpetrator demands will be enough and it will stop on its own. In other cases, the victim feels some sort of bond with the perpetrator and believes that person has their best interests in mind. The first is very unlikely, and the second is never the case. In the end, children often end up believing that the abuse is their fault, which is never the case.

Recognize the Signs

Recognizing the signs of grooming, whether online or off, is an essential skill for parents, caregivers, educators, or anyone else that works with children. Some common signs that a child is being groomed for further abuse include:

Excessive attention or gifts from an adult towards a child, which may be delivered in secret or through delivery lockers
Secrecy or reluctance to discuss activities or interactions with certain individuals
Sudden changes in behavior, mood swings, or withdrawal from family and friends
Inappropriate discussions or questions, especially of a sexual nature
Any attempts to isolate the child from peers and family members

Protecting Children

Preventing grooming and protecting children requires a multi-faceted approach involving education, communication, and vigilance. Here are some strategies to help safeguard children:

Education: Teach children about personal boundaries, safe touch, and the importance of open communication. Encourage them to speak up if they feel uncomfortable or threatened by someone’s behavior.

Communication: Maintain open and honest communication with children. Encourage them to share their experiences and concerns without fear of judgment. Listen actively and validate their feelings.

Supervision: Monitor children’s online and offline activities (while still respecting their privacy, which isn’t always an easy balance!), especially when interacting with unfamiliar individuals or platforms. Establish guidelines for internet usage and encourage safe online practices.

Establish Boundaries: Set clear boundaries regarding interactions with adults and strangers. Teach children to trust their instincts and seek help if they feel uncomfortable or unsafe.

Community Involvement: Foster a supportive community environment where individuals look out for each other’s well-being. Encourage collaboration between parents, schools, law enforcement, and community organizations to raise awareness and prevent grooming.

Reporting: Educate children about the importance of reporting any suspicious behavior or incidents to a trusted adult. Empower them to seek help if they or someone they know is being groomed or exploited.

Conclusion

Grooming is a complex and insidious form of abuse that can have long-lasting effects on children’s physical and emotional well-being. By understanding the signs of grooming and taking proactive measures to protect children, we can create safer environments where they can grow and thrive without fear of exploitation. It is our collective responsibility to prioritize the safety and well-being of our children and empower them to recognize and resist potential dangers. Through education, communication, and community support, we can work together to prevent grooming and ensure a brighter future for our children.

Operation Safe Escape Developing OPSEC Program for DV Shelters and Safe Houses

April 14, 2024April 14, 2024Chris Cox

Operation Safe Escape has completed the first step in creating a comprehensive Operations Security (OPSEC) program for domestic violence shelters and safe houses. This program (which, like all of our programs and tools, will be available for free) is designed to help our partners and allies better protect their staff, clients, and locations.
OPSEC is a five-step process designed to identify which information needs to be protected, the vulnerabilities that may compromise it, and develop effective countermeasures that address the specific threat. It’s a process that works, and one that has been used to protect business ventures, military operations, neighborhoods, and much more. The techniques and tools that are a part of the process have been proven effective against all manner of threats. However, this is the first program intended to optimize the process for domestic violence shelters and safe houses and provide everything needed to easily and effectively implement a program.

During the American Revolution, George Washington once said, “Even minutiae should have a place in our collection, for things of a seemingly trifling nature, when enjoined with others of a more serious cast, may lead to valuable conclusion.” In other words, we can’t overlook even the smallest details because our adversaries are always watching. By protecting our information, we protect our people. “OPSEC is about risk,” adds OSE Director Chris Cox. “We brought together some of the most experienced OPSEC subject matter experts in the world to help solve this problem, and we’re looking forward to making this available to those that need it most.”

Operation Safe Escape will always seek out new opportunities to protect vulnerable individuals and their allies. This is one more component in the effort to make sure everyone is free from abuse, safe in their relationships, and free to choose their own destiny.

Recognizing Red Flags: Signs of an Abusive Relationship

February 18, 2024February 18, 2024Chris Cox

Entering into a romantic relationship should be an exciting and fulfilling experience. However, it’s crucial to be vigilant about potential red flags that may indicate an unhealthy and abusive dynamic. Recognizing these signs early on can help individuals make informed decisions about their well-being and safety. In this article, we’ll explore some common red flags that may signal an abusive relationship.

Isolation and Control:
Abusers often seek to control their partner by isolating them from friends and family. If your partner discourages or prevents you from spending time with loved ones, questions your every move, or monitors your activities excessively, it may be a sign of controlling behavior.

Extreme Jealousy and Possessiveness:
Healthy relationships are built on trust, but excessive jealousy and possessiveness can be warning signs. If your partner becomes overly jealous, accuses you without cause, or insists on knowing your whereabouts at all times, it could indicate an unhealthy level of control.

Verbal and Emotional Abuse:
Abuse isn’t always physical; verbal and emotional abuse can be just as damaging. If your partner consistently belittles, criticizes, or humiliates you, it’s a red flag. Emotional manipulation, such as guilt-tripping or blaming, is also cause for concern.

Physical Violence:
Perhaps the most obvious red flag is physical violence. Any form of physical harm, including hitting, slapping, or pushing, is unacceptable. It’s essential to seek help immediately if you experience or witness physical abuse.

Manipulative Behavior:
Abusers often manipulate their partners to maintain control. This can include gaslighting, where the abuser denies or distorts reality to make the victim doubt their own perceptions. Manipulative behavior is aimed at undermining the victim’s self-esteem and confidence.

Unpredictable Mood Swings:
Frequent and unpredictable mood swings in a relationship can be indicative of emotional instability. If your partner goes from extremely loving to excessively angry or aggressive without apparent cause, it’s a red flag for potential abuse.

Financial Control:
Financial independence is a crucial aspect of personal freedom. If your partner controls your finances, limits your access to money, or makes major financial decisions without your input, it may be a sign of abusive behavior.

Intimidation and Threats:
The use of intimidation tactics, threats, or displays of aggression can create a climate of fear. If your partner threatens to harm you, your loved ones, or themselves, take these threats seriously and seek help immediately.

Recognizing and acknowledging these red flags is the first step towards breaking free from, or avoiding, an abusive relationship. If you identify with any of these warning signs, it’s essential to reach out to friends, family, or professionals who can provide support and guidance. Everyone deserves a healthy and respectful relationship, and understanding these red flags empowers individuals to prioritize their well-being and safety. If you or someone you know is experiencing abuse, we’re here to help.

Duress Codes and How to Use Them

February 8, 2024February 8, 2024Chris Cox

Duress Codes can be an effective tool in awareness, defense, and escape

In the 1968 Star Trek episode Bread and Circuses, Captain Kirk uses duress codes when he is captured by a previously unknown civilization that modeled itself on Earth’s ancient Rome. Worse, a former Starfleet captain is leading the civilization, so he’s wary when the Enterprise hails Kirk to ask if everything is okay. Kirk replied, “Condition Green,” satisfying the former captain that no rescue would be attempted.
What the former captain didn’t realize is that “Code Green” was a pre-arranged code that actually meant “I’m in danger.”

Duress codes have been and continue to be used in fiction, real-life espionage, and even within families for ages. Reportedly, even Queen Elizabeth II had a subtle signal involving the way she was holding her handbag to signal to her staff that she wanted to leave a conversation or social situation. Basically, these “codes” are any pre-arranged message, behavior, or signal that means something to the intended receiver but won’t appear suspicious to anyone else watching. For people in an abusive household or relationship, duress codes may be one effective and safe way to summon help.

The three main characteristics of a duress code are that it needs to be pre-arranged, unlikely to be used by accident, and undetectable by anyone for whom the message isn’t intended.

Duress Codes should be pre-arranged

The message is coordinated between the survivor and their support system and only to those they absolutely trust to help. The survivor and their support system then agree on one or more codes and their meanings. The code should be something that makes sense to be used without standing out as unusual.

They should be unlikely to be used by accident

Duress codes should be unique enough to avoid false positives- that is, accidentally using the code word when there’s not actually an emergency. This can be a challenge because the code, when trying to choose something the survivor will believably share, say, or do without being common enough that it might be used inadvertently.

Duress Codes should be undetectable by anyone the message isn’t intended for

A duress code is essential in cases where the abuser is strictly controlling or monitoring the survivor’s actions, online accounts, and conversations. It should be assumed that the abuser is going to see the code, and it’s critical they are unable to recognize it as one.

A duress code can be anything the survivor and their support system agrees on, and they can have as many codes as they can manage and as they need. Some examples may include:

– “If I post a picture of a flower, please check on me.”

– “If I mention in a text that the network went down at work, call the police.”

– “If I wear this necklace, I need help immediately.”

– “If I click ‘like’ on your profile picture, I’m in trouble and need you to pick me up.”

Or anything else that’s pre-arranged, unlikely to be used by accident, and undetectable by the abuser. It’s important to define not only what the code is but also exactly what needs to be done when it’s used.

The empowerment and security that comes from having a well-thought-out safety plan, including using duress codes, cannot be overstated. These codes are more than just secret signals; they are a bridge to safety for those who might find themselves in perilous situations, providing a discreet way to ask for help without alerting potential threats. Remember, you’re not alone in navigating these challenges. Organizations like Operation Safe Escape are here to support you, offering guidance, resources, and assistance in developing effective safety strategies tailored to your unique circumstances. Safety is a fundamental right, and through collaboration, preparation, and the use of tools like duress codes, we can work together to protect that right for everyone. If you or someone you know needs help in crafting a safety plan or understanding the use of duress codes, please reach out. Together, we can create a network of support that empowers individuals to live safely and confidently in any situation.

If you need assistance creating a duress code, Operation Safe Escape is here to help.

More about Duress Codes:

Peoplesafe
https://peoplesafe.co.uk/blogs/what-is-a-duress-code

Kraden Blog
https://blog.kraden.com/duress-code

International Foundation for Protection Officers (IFPO)
https://ifpo.org/resource-links/articles-and-reports/officer-issues/duress-phrases/

OPSEC History and OSE

January 23, 2024January 23, 2024Chris Cox

New facts emerge from the NSA’s previously Top Secret history of OPSEC.

Most people don’t know the full history of Operation Safe Escape. Until 2016, Operation Safe Escape was a project under the Operations Security Professional’s Association or OSPA. At that time, the organization was the largest non-profit organization in the world dedicated to teaching people about Operations Security (OPSEC) and how to use it to protect themselves, their businesses, and more. Over time, the anti-domestic violence mission became more important and the organization’s core focus, now referred to as OSE.

Introduction to OPSEC’s Evolution

OPSEC, or Operations Security, remains a key aspect of our mission to protect survivors of domestic violence, stalking and harassment, and human trafficking. Far from its original application of protecting military missions and plans, OPSEC today can help protect an individual’s plans to escape abuse or other circumstances. For that reason, in a practical sense, OSE is the successor for many of the OPSEC organizations that came before. Consistent with the OSE mission, this report is a historical analysis of the roots of OPSEC and is not an endorsement of any aspect of the Vietnam War or any other military application.

For context, the term “Purple Dragon” refers to the code name for the survey team in Vietnam. As a historical aside, the code name was originally intended to be temporary, so the team chose the name they liked best from a list of code names provided. The other options have been lost to history.

In 1993, the National Security Agency (NSA) released a report titled “Purple Dragon: The Origin and Development of the United States OPSEC Program,” which described the unusually high American losses in the high altitude bombing missions code-named Arc Light and Rolling Thunder, and the reconnaissance missions under Blue Thunder, and discussed the intelligence failures that led to them as well as the measures taken as a response. The process developed at the time later became what we call OPSEC today. In 2007, a heavily redacted version of the report was released to the public under a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request, bringing some of the previously Top Secret history to light. However, significant portions of the documents remained redacted.

In 2018, Operation Safe Escape researchers requested a declassification review from the NSA to determine which redacted information could be released. In January 2024, we received a largely (but not entirely) unredacted version that provided additional context and historical information. This report does not attempt to summarize the entirety of the 102-page document but instead highlights some of the most surprising or compelling facts not previously made available. While the document also explores OPSEC findings related to ground and riverine operations, the findings are generally similar to the ones identified by the Air Force.

The original 2007 release can be found here:
https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/cryptologic-histories/purple_dragon.pdf

The 2024 release can be viewed here:
https://safeescape.net/opsecdoc

It’s interesting to note that many of the original redactions were public knowledge (and some were even referenced in official government OPSEC training resources) in 2007 when the original redacted version was made available. For example, the 2007 release redacted the name of the Commander in Chief of U.S. Pacific Command, Admiral U.S. Grant Sharpe Jr., that he originally convened the Purple Dragon team, and for what purpose.

New and noteworthy information in the 2024 release include:

1. Initially, many members of the team believed the losses were due to a communications security issue. In fact, the communications security team found 50 different nonsecure communications during the survey that included specific details regarding the time of the bombing run, referred to as “time on target” (page 9). These sensitive details were transmitted over nonsecure (and, as such, able to be intercepted) between an hour and a quarter and up to 15 hours ahead of the mission. The now-unredacted section of the report notes that 228 aircraft had been shot down and 60% of Blue Springs photography drones were destroyed up to that point, and the report questions whether North Vietnamese forces had advanced knowledge that may have contributed to those losses. The following line answers this question, which was redacted in the 2007 release: yes, they did. Adversarial forces had up to three hours, sometimes up to eight hours, to prepare or evacuate the area.

2. The National Security Agency (NSA) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff agreed to launch a counterintelligence effort to identify and close the sources of the leaks (page 12). The Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) was tasked with coordinating the effort and convened two working groups- a counterintelligence (CI) working group and a communications security (COMSEC) working group. The CI working group ultimately concluded that “losses of sensitive information through enemy human intelligence (HUMINT) could not be prevented.” It made no recommendations aside from increasing ongoing, general CI activities. The COMSEC working group was convinced that the blame could be placed on individuals failing to protect sensitive information properly and that monitoring communications and transmissions could identify who and punish offenders. A plan was put in place to conduct a COMSEC survey- a new concept at the time- which the DIA approved with the condition that another team be established to examine all aspects of military operations, from planning to execution, to look for other ways they might be compromised.

3. One piece of history that was available through other sources (but was redacted in the 2007 release as “classified matters of national defense or foreign policy”) was the overall strategy for identifying information leaks and vulnerabilities (page 14). The committee ultimately decided to focus on three areas: “enemy exploitations of U.S. communications, enemy recognition of patterns and operations, and enemy access, by whatever means, to pre-execution plans and preparations for operations.” To put it another way, the committed proposed searching for insecure communications channels, patterns and indications, and anything else that might give adversarial forces access to allied plans. What wasn’t previously known was that Admiral Sharp himself elected to assume official responsibility for the survey.

4. Initially, responsibility for the survey was offered to the CINCPAC communications staff, known as J6, because no one was certain who else should manage it (page 14). However, the communications staff lacked experience in the intelligence aspect of the survey and passed ownership on to the intelligence staff, J2. But J2 wasn’t sure how to approach the survey as a concept, so it finally landed with the operations staff, J3, under the command of Colonel James Chance, J3 Deputy for Command Center and Nuclear Operations. At the time, the concept of “surveying operational effectiveness” was new to the military, but the assignment makes sense in hindsight. Although Colonel Chance’s role as direct manager of the project has been widely discussed, it deserves special mention here due to his contributions and decisions throughout.

5. Although a relatively minor historical note, the size and scope of the survey team was previously undisclosed (page 15). Teams were established at seven commands at various airbases in Japan, Thailand, Guam, and Vietnam. At each command, the number of personnel assigned ranged from a small handful of men at some bases to 39 assigned to the U.S. Military Assistance Command in Vietnam.

6. In the 2007 document, pages 17-31 were almost entirely redacted, representing nearly the entirety of the “Birth of a Dragon” section, which primarily focused on the team’s findings and observations throughout the survey. Although much of the section still remains classified, a significant amount of previously redacted information was revealed in the 2024 release. Much of the information is commonly known, but noteworthy revelations include:

In order to encourage everyone surveyed, from the lowest ranks to the commanding officers, the team agreed that the Purple Dragon survey wouldn’t be treated like a traditional inspection and that no reprimands would come from the gathered information. It was decided at that time to capture the information would be kept non-attributional
In a departure from the original COMSEC team’s plan, the goal was to address the root of the problem rather than punish those who failed to follow proper procedures. With this in mind, unit commanders were given the opportunity to fix any issues before they were reported higher.
To avoid having those interviewed from unconsciously altering their usual activities and gathering accurate information, participants were not told the nature of the survey when being interviewed or observed.

Much of the information disclosed in the document detailed the specific procedures and goals for the team. Based primarily in Pearl Harbor (partially, we learn from other sources due to travel budget limitations for the NSA members of the team), team members compiled a database of findings and evaluated the information as it unfolded. Given that the team was looking for something entirely unknown, it’s interesting to see how they approached the problem and made sense of what they discovered.

7. Even the initial recommendations proved effective (page 22). Before OPSEC as a process was formalized, the initial recommendations given on-site increased survivability and recovery rates for bombers and drones.

8. By reviewing unclassified Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) for upcoming missions, the Purple Dragon survey team was able to gauge upcoming targets and mission times with about 80% accuracy (page 22). The NOTAMs are generally made widely available with limited control to deconflict airspace and help prevent aviation accidents. It’s certain that adversarial forces had access to those reports, which detailed specific times and general locations of missions.

9. Local Vietnamese allies and officials were warning their friends and family of upcoming bombing missions to give them time to leave the area (page 24). The process for selecting and approving targets could take a week or more, and it involved approvals from multiple different commands and up to the Pentagon. This included coordination with local allies. There is no evidence that any Allied official leaked information to adversarial forces. Still, it should have been foreseen that local officials would naturally want to warn their family and friends who may be in the area. Those family and friends would warn their family and friends, and so on. The local civilian population would start evacuating the general target area one to three days before the mission, which signaled to adversarial forces that they should do the same.

10. Many Rolling Thunder missions were compromised shortly after takeoff (page 25). Early in the survey, it was estimated that up to 90% of Rolling Thunder missions were compromised to varying degrees after takeoff from Thailand or the Gulf of Tonkin, giving the adversary up to 45 minutes’ notice before a strike. Given the sophistication and resiliency of the North Vietnamese tunnel systems, this was more than enough time to shelter personnel and equipment. The Navy and Air Force would use exactly four electronic countermeasure aircraft to jam enemy radar when targeting heavily defended areas, but only two when targeting others. Simply by observing the configuration of the flights or noting the distinctive (and unchanged) call signs of the aircraft, the type of target could be determined. There were also other examples given, including the pattern that Airborne Command Post (ACP) aircraft would land at certain places and times depending on when and where the mission would take place, the fact that the Air Force and Navy would strike at specific times (the Air Force, for example, would almost invariably strike targets between 0800 and 0900, and again between 1600 and 1700) and only in good weather, that airborne refueler aircraft would use the same route and fly several minutes ahead of bombers (using the flight route and plane number as their call sign, which was sent over nonsecure voice channels), and more. Putting this all together, it became trivial to determine the timing and target of a bombing mission.

11. The Purple Dragon survey wasn’t intentionally intended to be repeated, but the survey team and agency leadership advocated for a permanent program based on their findings and the likelihood of reoccurrence (page 30). The survey was intended to be a one-off response to specific security concerns. Still, COL Chance and Admiral Sharp agreed that the survey should become a standard procedure for any military operation. The final report to the Joint Chiefs of Staff included a recommendation that the survey be expanded into an enduring capability; the Joint Chiefs agreed and authorized a permanent OPSEC branch under the CINCPAC J3. This answers a long-standing question as to where OPSEC was intended to “live” from its inception and whether it was originally viewed as a security discipline or an operational one.

While not in this document, an interesting historical side note was that the name for the new discipline was decided at a bar in Hawaii. According to Robert “Sam” Fisher (and retold by others from the team): “The next question was what to call this new organization. Our role was operations analysis, but operations analysis would not do for a name. We wanted to distinguish ourselves from the many operations analysis groups that already existed in Vietnam. One knew that Mother NSA would not allow me to be a part of this new organization unless security was among our objectives. Hence, we arrived at the name Operations Security. A side benefit to this name was the acronym OPSEC, a good way to catch people’s attention.”

12. As a mildly interesting note, the original 2007 release showed the affiliation (U.S. Navy) of the artist that drew the dragon on the cover of the final Purple Dragon report, but the new release redacts it, likely in error (page 35).

13. The first major Purple Dragon survey of a non-Air Force mission took place in 1967 when the survey team examined Navy and Marine amphibious landing missions and found multiple similarities nearly identical to the Air Force operations assessed previously (page 37). The (reasonable) requirement to coordinate landings and raids with local officials and allied forces during the early planning phases of the mission led to provincial chiefs and local villagers moving their cattle and equipment out of the area well in advance of the assault. The movement signaled to adversarial forces that “an operation of some sort was going to occur.” It was also noted that helicopters were pulled from other areas and limited in use the day before to ensure availability in support of the landing. Naval bombardment would also begin several hours before the landing, a literal “wake-up call” for those forces that hadn’t already left, and the reporters would be notified up to four days before the assault and transported by helicopter to one of the assault ships the day before. Perhaps the most significant observation was that a Navy hospital ship, which required more time to move and stage, would be anchored off the opposite side of the target beach the day before the assault. Hospital ships are distinctly marked and easily observed, giving at least an evening’s warning.

14. About a week before an amphibious landing, the Marines would send an Airspace Reservation Request to the Air Traffic Controller in Saigon, along with a formal request to keep the NOTAM secret until a few hours before the requested time (page 40). However, this request was often ignored, and the NOTAL was released immediately. This revealed the fact that a military operation was planned for a specific day at a specific time in a specific location up to a week in advance. The solution was to send the request to Saigon at the last moment and, in at least one case, not until the Marines had already landed on the beach.

15. In an interesting twist, the largest amphibious operation of the war at the time, Operation Bold Mariner, used the same OPSEC weaknesses the adversary was exploiting to mislead them (page 40). Now understanding that the adversary was looking out for certain patterns and indications, mission planners spread misinformation through those channels to convince them that the attack would take place at Mo Duc rather than the actual target, Batangan. The Marines issued a NOTAM for Mo Duc eight hours before the apparent landing time, naval gunfire targeted the decoy target on schedule, and a Naval hospital ship anchored near Mo Duc only to reposition once the actual assault had already begun.

16. The American logistics system in Vietnam was a major success when it came to moving weapons and supplies around the country, but at the same time, the process turned into an intelligence goldmine for adversaries (page 47). Supplies came into the theater through centralized supply depots in “rear” areas and were distributed by truck convoys all over the country. Coordination for convoys and road clearances was often conducted well ahead of time and often over unsecured phone lines that were frequently intercepted. Worse still, larger convoys often used the same routes at the same times and on the same days for their deliveries, which made planning ambushes relatively simple. The survey team also found that many combat units would requisition supplies for a particular operation a month or more in advance. This request, which was often processed by local civilians, would list the latest acceptable delivery date, the unit designation and location, and often even the cover name for the operation. These details would then be stenciled on the crates and left in plain view of anyone with access.

17. The initial success of OPSEC measures to protect Arc Light bombing missions was overestimated and may have been historically overreported (page 52). One of the primary metrics for the effectiveness of Arc Light OPSEC measures was the number of alerts detected by adversary forces transmitting a warning of upcoming strikes. After the measures were put in place, these transmissions had nearly stopped completely- in one six-month period, only five valid alerts were detected out of over 2,600 missions flown. Not long after, however, North Vietnamese defectors reported that the units were still being informed of airstrikes up to several days in advance but had switched to courier and landlines to avoid detection.

18. Another section of the report that was redacted in the 2007 release was the discussion of the concept of and rationale behind “thinking like the enemy.” (page 65). Even in 2007, a fundamental concept of OPSEC is viewing your own operations from an adversarial perspective in order to identify vulnerabilities and shortcomings that you would have missed otherwise. The 2024 release discusses the effectiveness of the approach and how combat commanders were eventually able to embrace it when shown concrete examples of lessons learned.

19. In yet another example of content that was redacted for unclear reasons, the section in which the Joint Chiefs of Staff noted that one-year rotations led to repeated OPSEC issues was redacted due to national security and classification reasons (page 76). The decision was then made to train servicemembers on OPSEC concepts before deployment rather than on the job when they get into theater. To help with coordination and planning, the DIA hosted the first Worldwide OPSEC Conference from 30 April to 2 May 1968 in Virginia. Shortly after this, COL Chance was named the head of the newly-created Joint Chiefs of Staff OPSEC branch, building on his

20. After the war ended, the OPSEC process was applied to peacetime drills and exercises to determine if the same issues would be discovered away from the chaos and fog of war. It turns out they were (page 77). Joint training exercises in Korea, code-named Combat Dawn SIGINT, found many of the same issues and indicators encountered in Vietnam only a few years prior. One example of many is that drone aircraft were deployed to skirt the North Korean airspace in an attempt to activate and test the country’s air defense radar system, but the drones invariably flew the same path for the same duration at the same time of day, making the mission predictable. Much like in Vietnam, the flight plans for the recovery helicopters were filed ahead of time- in this case, exactly at 0800 the day before.

21. An interesting perspective found in the 2024 release, but not the 2007 one, determined that “the greatest single cause of the U.S. military’s poor operations security in Vietnam (was) the general lack of respect U.S. personnel felt for the VC/NVA” (Page 85). General Creighton Abrams (the namesake for the M1 Abrams series of tanks) also reportedly said, “A lot of Americans over here underestimate the cleverness” of the North Korean people. In underestimating their adversary, U.S. forces underestimated their ability to intercept unsecured communications and their intelligence in analyzing intelligence.

22. Perhaps of interest to some, the 2024 release discusses the circumstances and resourcing concerns that led to the National OPSEC Program being ultimately established under the NSA (Page 90). The CINCPAC OPSEC branch was the rightful successor to the Purple Dragon survey team, but by 1980, the branch had dwindled to only five employees and was left unsure of its peacetime role. The NSA, however, had provided many of the staff for the CINCPAC team and, in no small part due to the leadership role of Sam Fisher and others, maintained a recent institutional memory for the process. In 1981, the agency began providing OPSEC training to the government, civilian, and military elements, so it came as no surprise when President Ronald Reagan established the NSA as the executive agent in charge of the National OPSEC Program when it was created in 1988.

A lot has changed in the decades since this history was written. And even more has changed since the date the final Purple Dragon report was submitted in 1967. But in understanding the history of OPSEC, we can understand just how many things have actually stayed the same. OPSEC is no longer only a military discipline, but the challenges faced by the original Purple Dragon survey team have a lot to teach us about the challenges we’re likely to face in our own organizations and communities.